This is my attempt to show where key parts of the Unix/Linux command hierarchy came from. I do not include visual development tools (IDEs). The list is perennially out of date. Please use this contact form to let me know of changes and, if I’m still active in this, I will consider your update. As they say, TIA.
The List
Acronyms are at the bottom.
Name | Type | Origin |
---|---|---|
addr2line |
c |
|
apk |
c |
Alpine |
apply |
c |
|
apropos |
c |
UCB |
arch |
c |
|
ar |
c |
Unix |
as |
c |
Unix |
at |
c |
Unix |
awk |
c |
Unix |
banner |
c |
|
basename |
c |
|
batch |
c |
|
bc |
c |
|
biff |
c |
UCB |
bison |
c |
FSF (clone of yacc) |
cal |
c |
Unix |
calendar |
c |
Unix |
cap_mkdb |
c |
UCB |
captoinfo |
c |
UCB |
cat |
c |
Unix |
cc |
c |
Unix |
c++ |
c |
Unix |
chflags |
c |
|
chfn |
c |
UCB |
chgrp |
c |
Unix |
chmod |
c |
Unix |
chpass |
c |
UCB |
chsh |
c |
UCB |
clang |
c |
|
clear |
c |
UCB |
cmp |
c |
Unix |
col |
c |
|
colrm |
c |
|
column |
c |
|
comm |
c |
Unix |
compress |
c |
|
corelist |
c |
|
cp |
c |
Unix |
cpio |
c |
Unix |
cpp |
c |
Unix, |
crontab |
c |
|
csh |
c |
UCB |
csplit |
c |
Unix |
ctags |
c |
|
ctfconv |
c |
|
ctfdump |
c |
|
ctfstrip |
c |
|
cu |
c |
Unix |
CUPS |
ss |
Apple |
cut |
c |
Unix |
date |
c |
Unix |
dbm |
c |
Unix |
dc |
c |
Unix |
dd |
c |
Unix |
deroff |
c |
UCB |
df |
c |
Unix |
diff3 |
c |
Unix |
diff |
c |
Unix |
dig |
c |
|
dirname |
c |
|
dnf |
c |
Linux |
doas |
c |
OpenBSD |
du |
c |
Unix |
dump |
c |
Unix |
echo |
c |
Unix |
echoUnix |
c |
|
ed |
c |
Unix |
edUnix |
c |
|
egrep |
c |
Unix |
eject |
c |
|
eject |
c |
Various |
encrypt |
c |
|
env |
c |
Unix |
ex |
c |
UCB |
expand |
c |
|
expr |
c |
Unix |
ext* |
c |
Linux |
false |
c |
Unix |
fgen |
c |
|
fgrep |
c |
Unix |
file |
c |
Unix (I wrote the Linux impl) |
find |
c |
Unix |
finger |
c |
UCB |
flex |
c |
|
flex |
c |
FSF |
fmt |
c |
UCB |
fold |
c |
|
from |
c |
|
fstab |
c |
Unix |
fstat |
c |
|
ftp |
c |
UCB |
fuser |
c |
|
gcc |
c |
FSF |
gcov |
c |
UCB |
gdb |
c |
FSF |
gencat |
c |
|
getcap |
c |
|
getconf |
c |
|
getent |
c |
(Sun: part of YP) |
getopt |
c |
|
getopt |
c |
USG |
ghostscript(gs) |
c |
Peter Deutsch |
git |
c |
Linus,(self-disparagingly self-named) |
gprof |
c |
FSF |
gprof |
c |
Unix |
grep |
c |
|
grep |
c |
Unix |
groups |
c |
|
gunzip |
c |
|
gzcat |
c |
|
gzexe |
c |
|
gzip |
c |
|
h2ph |
c |
|
h2xs |
c |
|
head |
c |
Unix |
help |
c |
|
help |
c |
Multiple |
hexdump |
c |
|
host |
c |
|
hostname |
c |
|
hoststat |
c |
|
htpasswd |
c |
|
httpd |
c |
many |
id |
c |
Unix |
ifconfig |
c |
UCB |
indent |
c |
UCB |
info |
c |
FSF |
install |
c |
Numerous |
ipcrm,ipcs |
c |
USG |
java |
c/ss |
Sun |
join |
c |
Unix |
jot |
c |
|
kdump |
c |
|
keynote |
c |
|
kill |
c |
Unix |
ksh |
c |
Unix |
ktrace |
c |
|
lam |
c |
|
last |
c |
|
lastcomm |
c |
|
last |
c |
Unix |
ldap |
c |
|
ld |
c |
Unix |
ldd |
c |
|
leave |
c |
|
less |
c |
UCB |
lex |
c |
Unix |
libnetcfg |
c |
|
libtool |
c |
|
Linux |
c |
|
llvm-config |
c |
|
ln |
c |
Unix |
lndir |
c |
|
locale |
c |
|
locate |
c |
|
lock |
c |
|
logger |
c |
|
login |
c |
|
logname |
c |
|
look |
c |
|
lorder |
c |
Unix |
lpq |
c |
UCB |
lpr |
c |
UCB |
lpr |
c |
Unix/UCB |
lprm |
c |
UCB |
ls |
c |
Unix |
m4 |
c |
Unix |
machine |
c |
|
c |
||
c |
Unix |
|
mailx |
c |
UCB |
make |
c |
Unix |
man |
c |
Unix |
mandoc |
c |
OpenBSD |
md5 |
c |
|
merge |
c |
|
mesg |
c |
uCB |
mixerctl |
c |
|
mkdep |
c |
|
mkdir |
c |
Unix |
mkfs |
c |
Unix |
mklocale |
c |
|
mktemp |
c |
|
more |
c |
UCB |
mount |
c |
Unix |
mt |
c |
Unix |
mv |
c |
Unix |
nc |
c |
|
netstat |
c |
UCB |
newsyslog |
c |
UCB |
NFS |
FS |
Sun |
nfsstat |
c |
Sun |
nice |
c |
Unix |
nix |
c |
Pkg manager from nixos |
nl |
c |
|
nm |
c |
Unix |
nohup |
c |
Unix |
nslookup |
c |
|
objcopy |
c |
|
objdump |
c |
|
od |
c |
Unix |
openrsync |
c |
OpenBSD |
openssl |
c |
OpenSSL |
otp-md5 |
c |
|
otp-rmd160 |
c |
|
otp-sha1 |
c |
|
pagesize |
c |
|
passwd |
c |
Unix |
paste |
c |
Unix |
patch |
c |
Larry Wall |
pax |
c |
|
pctr |
c |
|
perl |
c |
Larry |
pgrep |
c |
|
piconv |
c |
|
pkg* |
c |
Various |
pkill |
c |
|
pl2pm |
c |
|
pod2html |
c |
|
pod2man |
c |
|
pod2text |
c |
|
pod2usage |
c |
|
podchecker |
c |
|
podselect |
c |
|
pr |
c |
Unix |
printenv |
c |
Unix |
printf |
c |
Unix |
/proc |
k |
Unix, Linux |
prove |
c |
|
ps |
c |
Unix |
purgestat |
c |
|
pwd |
c |
Unix |
quota |
c |
commands |
quota |
c |
UCB |
radius |
c |
|
ranlib |
c |
Unix |
rcs |
c |
Walter |
rdist |
c |
|
rdistd |
c |
|
readelf |
c |
|
readlink |
c |
|
renice |
c |
Unix |
reset |
c |
|
rev |
c |
|
rksh |
c |
Unix |
rm |
c |
Unix |
rmdir |
c |
Unix |
rpcgen,rpcinfo |
c |
Sun |
rpm |
c |
Red |
rs |
c |
|
rsh |
c |
UCB |
rup |
c |
Sun |
rusers |
c |
Sun |
rwall |
c |
UCB |
SCCS |
c |
USG |
scp |
c |
OpenBSD |
script |
c |
UCB |
sdiff |
c |
|
sed |
c |
Unix |
sendbug |
c |
|
sendmail |
c |
UCB |
sftp |
c |
|
sha |
c |
|
shadow |
c |
Unix |
shar |
c |
|
sh |
c |
Unix |
showmount |
c |
|
signify |
c |
OpenBSD |
size |
c |
UCB |
skeyaudit |
c |
|
skey |
c |
|
skeyinfo |
c |
|
skeyinit |
c |
|
skeyprune |
c |
|
sleep |
c |
Unix |
smtp |
c |
Various |
sndioctl |
c |
|
snmp |
c |
Various |
sort |
c |
Unix |
spell |
c |
|
split |
c |
|
ssh |
c |
Tatu,OpenBSD |
stat |
c |
|
strings |
c |
Unix |
strip |
c |
Unix |
stty |
c |
Unix |
su |
c |
Unix |
sudo |
c |
OpenBSD |
sync |
c |
Unix |
systat |
c |
UCB? |
tail |
c |
Unix |
talk |
c |
UCB |
tar |
c |
Unix |
tee |
c |
Unix |
telnet |
c |
UCB |
test |
c |
Unix |
tftp |
c |
UCB |
tic |
c |
UCB |
time |
c |
Unix |
tmux |
c |
|
top |
c |
|
touch |
c |
Unix |
tput |
c |
UCB |
tr |
c |
Unix |
true |
c |
Unix |
tset |
c |
|
tsort |
c |
Unix |
tty |
c |
Unix |
UFS |
c |
UCB |
ul |
c |
|
uname |
c |
USG |
uncompress |
c |
|
unexpand |
c |
|
unifdef |
c |
|
uniq |
c |
Unix |
units |
c |
Unix |
unvis |
c |
|
uptime |
c |
|
users |
c |
|
utmp,wtmp |
c |
|
uudecode |
c |
|
uuencode |
c |
|
vacation |
c |
|
vi |
c |
UCB |
vis |
c |
|
vmstat |
c |
UCB |
wall |
c |
UCB |
wc |
c |
Unix |
w |
c |
UCB |
what |
c |
USG |
whatis |
c |
UCB |
whereis |
c |
UCB |
which |
c |
UCB |
whoami |
c |
|
who, |
c |
am |
who |
c |
Unix |
whois |
c |
|
wmi |
c |
|
write |
c |
UCB |
xargs |
c |
|
XFS |
FS |
Linux |
X |
GUI |
MIT |
xsubpp |
c |
|
yacc |
c |
Unix |
yes |
c |
Unix |
ypcat |
c |
|
yum |
c |
Linux |
zsh |
c |
? |
Types:
- c
-
Command or other executable
- f
-
file
- FS
-
File system type
- k
-
Kernel feature
- ss
-
subsystem
Sources:
- FSF
-
Free Software Foundation
- FreeBSD
-
The FreeBSD project / team members
- Linux
-
Means I know the program came from some Linux project, not sure which.
- OpenBSD
-
The OpenBSD project / team members
- UCB
-
University of California at Berkeley (BSD 2.x, BSD 4.x), Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG)
- Unix
-
Original Bell Labs Research Unix. Offically: not an acronym. Unofficially: Eunached Multics.
- USG
-
Unix Support Group, a non-Bell-Labs part of AT&T